How To Calculate Avogadros Number Experimentally

Avogadros number isnt a mathematically derived unit. The number of particles in a mole of a material is determined experimentally. This method uses electrochemistry to make the determination. You may wish to review the working of electrochemical cells before attempting this experiment. Purpose The objective is to make an experimental measurement of Avogadros number. Introduction A mole can be defined as the gram formula mass of a substance or the atomic mass of an element in grams. In this experiment, electron flow (amperage or current) and time are measured in order to obtain the number of electrons passing through the electrochemical cell. The number of atoms in a weighed sample is related to electron flow to calculate Avogadros number. In this electrolytic cell, both electrodes are copper and the electrolyte is 0.5 M H2SO4. During electrolysis, the copper electrode (anode) connected to the positive pin of the power supply loses mass as the copper atoms are converted to copper ions. The loss of mass may be visible as pitting of the surface of the metal electrode. Also, the copper ions pass into the water solution and tint it blue. At the other electrode (cathode), hydrogen gas is liberated at the surface through the reduction of hydrogen ions in the aqueous sulfuric acid solution. The reaction is:2 H(aq) 2 electrons - H2(g)This experiment is based on the mass loss of the copper anode, but it is also possible to collect the hydrogen gas that is evolved and use it to calculate Avogadros number. Materials A direct current source (battery or power supply)Insulated wires and possibly alligator clips to connect the cells2 Electrodes (e.g., strips of copper, nickel, zinc, or iron)250-ml beaker of 0.5 M H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)WaterAlcohol (e.g., methanol or isopropyl alcohol)A small beaker of 6 M HNO3 (nitric acid)Ammeter or multimeterStopwatchAn analytical balance capable of measuring to nearest 0.0001 gram Procedure Obtain two copper electrodes. Clean the electrode to be used as the anode by immersing it in 6 M HNO3 in a fume hood for 2-3 seconds. Remove the electrode promptly or the acid will destroy it. Do not touch the electrode with your fingers. Rinse the electrode with clean tap water. Next, dip the electrode into a beaker of alcohol. Place the electrode onto a paper towel. When the electrode is dry, weigh it on an analytical balance to the nearest 0.0001 gram. The apparatus looks superficially like this diagram of an electrolytic cell except that you are using two beakers connected by an ammeter rather than having the electrodes together in a solution. Take beaker with 0.5 M H2SO4 (corrosive!) and place an electrode in each beaker. Before making any connections be sure the power supply is off and unplugged (or connect the battery last). The power supply is connected to the ammeter in series with the electrodes. The positive pole of the power supply is connected to the anode. The negative pin of the ammeter is connected to the anode (or place the pin in the solution if you are concerned about the change in mass from an alligator clip scratching the copper). The cathode is connected to the positive pin of the ammeter. Finally, the cathode of the electrolytic cell is connected to the negative post of the battery or power supply. Remember, the mass of the anode will begin to change as soon as you turn the power on, so have your stopwatch ready ! You need accurate current and time measurements. The amperage should be recorded at one minute (60 sec) intervals. Be aware that the amperage may vary over the course of the experiment due to changes in the electrolyte solution, temperature, and position of the electrodes. The amperage used in the calculation should be an average of all readings. Allow the current to flow for a minimum of 1020 seconds (17.00 minutes). Measure the time to the nearest second or fraction of a second. After 1020 seconds (or longer) turn off the power supply record the last amperage value and the time. Now you retrieve the anode from the cell, dry it as before by immersing it in alcohol and allowing it to dry on a paper towel, and weigh it. If you wipe the anode you will remove copper from the surface and invalidate your work! If you can, repeat the experiment using the same electrodes. Sample Calculation The following measurements were made: Anode mass lost: 0.3554 grams (g)Current(average): 0.601 amperes (amp)Time of electrolysis: 1802 seconds (s) Remember:One ampere 1 coulomb/second or one amp.s 1 coulombThe charge of one electron is 1.602 x 10-19  coulomb Find the total charge passed through the circuit.(0.601 amp)(1 coul/1amp-s)(1802 s) 1083  coulCalculate the number of electrons in the electrolysis.(1083 coul)(1 electron/1.6022 x 1019coul) 6.759 x 1021  electronsDetermine the number of copper atoms lost from the anode.The electrolysis process consumes two electrons per copper ion formed. Thus, the number of copper (II) ions formed is half the number of electrons.Number of Cu2  ions  ½ number of electrons measuredNumber of Cu2  ions (6.752 x 1021  electrons)(1 Cu2  / 2 electrons)Number of Cu2  ions 3.380 x 1021  Cu2  ionsCalculate the number of copper ions per gram of copper from the number of copper ions above and the mass of copper ions produced.The mass of the copper ions produced is equal to the mass loss of the anode. (The mass of the electrons is so small as to be negligible, so the mass of the copper (II) ions is the same as the mass of copper atoms.)mass loss of electrode mass of Cu2  ions 0.3554 g3.380 x 1021  Cu2  ions / 0.3544g 9.510 x 1021  Cu2  ions/g 9.510 x 1021  Cu atoms/gCalculate the number of copper atoms in a mole of copper, 63.546 grams.Cu atoms/mole of Cu (9.510 x 1021  copper atoms/g copper)(63.546 g/mole copper)Cu atoms/mole of Cu 6.040 x 1023  copper atoms/mole of copperThis is the students  measured  value of  Avogadros  number!Calculate percent error.Absolute error: |6.02 x 1023  - 6.04 x 1023  | 2 x 1021Percent error: (2 x 10 21 / 6.02 x 10 23)(100) 0.3 %

History of Jets vs. Patriots Free Essays

string(115) " world that they are the better team, winning the three game series on the year, winning two games and losing one\." English 101 Analysis Essay NY Jets vs. NE Patriots Rivalry The rivalry between the New York Jets and the New England Patriots exists because of the volatile history amongst players, coaches and fans, past and present, and because of the extreme loyalty, and passion that the people associated with these two teams exhibit. New York City and Boston are approximately 3 1? 2 hours apart by car. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Jets vs. Patriots or any similar topic only for you Order Now This Rivalry is likely the largest in the history of the National Football League (NFL). Throughout the history of these two teams their rivalry record is 53-52-1. The 53 stands for the Patriots win`s against the Jets. This shows that the games have been very close and the Patriots have one win over the Jets. The â€Å"1† stands for a â€Å"draw†. This means the game went into double over-time and stayed a tie. This is very rare to come across and it does not even happen yearly in the NFL. These teams continue to play great games and keep one of sport’s greatest rivalry`s going. Many motives throughout the history of the NFL have helped make this rivalry exciting to watch, and helped to create some of the greatest games to ever go down in the NFL. Both of these teams are in the American Football Conference (AFC). Within this conference they are also in the same division, which is the (AFC East). The New York Jets were on top of the AFC and their rivalry against the Patriots in the early years of the NFL. New York was the first AFC team to win a Super Bowl title, dating all the way back to the 1968-1969 season. They played this game against the Indianapolis Colts, and goes down as one of the largest Super Bowl upsets in the history of the League. The whole world doubted them and the AFC was basically considered a joke during this time period. Hall of Fame quarterback Joe Namath, made a bold promise that the sports world has still not forgotten. This move was almost as bold and crazy as Babe Ruth calling his homerun in the World Series. He made a public promise to his team and sports fans that he would carry the Jets to win this Super Bowl. This seemed like a ridiculous promise seeing as the projections had New York losing this game by a whopping sixteen points! This Super Bowl upset was a larger upset then the 2008 game, when the New England Patriots got upset by the New York Giants. The Giants were fourteen point underdogs and came back to beat the undefeated Patriots in the most watched sports event. These two Super bowls will never be forgotten, and they go down as two of the greatest and most memorable upsets in Super bowl history! During the time period of the late sixties when the Jets were on the rise, New England was still attempting to find their franchises identity, repeatedly getting beat by star quarterback Joe Namath and the New York Jets. Within this time period, both teams began to create fan-based families. The rivalry basically began with the fans of the two teams. They began to hate each other. Anybody representing these two teams would be welcomed by each other, and instantaneously liked. They both agreed in the fact of having a mutual dislike for each other. Being a huge fan and a part of the huge fan community games are taken very seriously. You must have respect for the opposing team’s stadium when you are a fan at the opposing stadium. To these hard-core fans walking in to the stadium with his-respect is like, walking into their house, where their families live and showing disrespect. This is all how the rivalry began between the Patriots and Jets. The cities mutual hate and family like bonding has helped to create this great rivalry. In this decade the New England Patriots have done remarkable things, achieving the ultimate goal of making it to the Super Bowl more than any other team in the National Football League. They have done this with star quarterback Tom Brady who was groomed and raised by arguably the greatest head coach in the history of football, Bill Belichick. Tom Brady and the Patriots have found there way to four Super Bowls since the year 2000. This is more super bowl appearances in this time period than any other team. Not only did they make it to those four Super Bowls, but they also won three of them, only losing that great upset against the New York Giants in the 2008 Super Bowl. In the Tom Brady and, Bill Belichick era, New England has been consistently successful. The Jets have fought hard to keep up with them as they find themselves having to take it one game at a time. The New York Jets have been successful since hiring the defensive coordinator from the Baltimore Ravens, Rex Ryan. He is a self spoken coach who loves his team and isn’t afraid to say what is on his mind. This is the kind of coach the Jets needed, someone to spark the team and never consider the team out of the play-offs. He is a defensive minded coach who loves to run the ball rather then pass it. This has helped the Jets create schemes to confuse their long time rival the Patriots. The most important recent game these two teams have faced off against was last season. It was during the 2010-1011 playoffs in the divisional championship game. This is the second round of the play-offs, and the game took place in New England. Young quarterback Mark Sanchez from USC, and the New York Jets came out flying high and shut down the Patriots dynamic offense. The Jets defense played great and the Jets were able to make a statement to New England and the rest of the world that they are the better team, winning the three game series on the year, winning two games and losing one. You read "History of Jets vs. Patriots" in category "Essay examples" The Jets won this game twenty-eight to fourteen, advancing to the AFC Conference Championship game against the Pittsburg Steelers. The Jets played a terrible first half and ended up losing their second consecutive Conference Championship, falling one game short of the Super-bowl once again. This wasn’t all bad for the New York Jets. Mark Sanchez proved he was in New York to stay and be the franchise quarterback for years to come. In his second season in the NFL he finally quieted all of the critics proving he could win in big games. Him and second year head coach Rex Ryan have a four win, two loss record in the play-offs. All of these play-off games were played on the road against very good football teams making it more impressive for the young quarter-back and new head coach. These are all prime example of how the Patriots and Jets each show loyalty. This is a huge reason the rivalry exists between these two teams. This most recent season which is still taking place, the Patriots have continued to win and amaze opponents and fans all around the nation. There almost perfect offense have continuously embarrassed teams and showed promise that they are on their way to their fifth Super Bowl since the year 2000. New faces are beginning to emerge in New England. One of the biggest is there new running-back Danny Woodhead. He runs the ball hard and is a great threat to catch it out of the back field at just five-foot- ten 185 pounds. He is a quick player with the ability to change the game at any time. What makes this player so intriguing is that he was dropped by the New York Jets and scooped up off of free agency by the Patriots. Bill Belichick took Woodhead under his wing and gave him the shot that he deserved. This makes sparks the Jets-Patriots rivalry because any time you get a player playing against his former team it is always interesting. The Patriots handled the Jets this past season easily beating them in both contests in which they played each other. In these two games Danny Woodhead had two touchdowns and touched the ball endless amounts of times. The Patriots and Jets games were once known as the Tuna Bowl; referencing former New England coach Bill Parcells who ended his famous argument with owner Robert Kraft by taking his talents back to New York to run the hated Jets. This was just one piece of the puzzle to make this rivalry great. There have been numerous events that have taken place since September of 1960 when these two teams faced off for the first time. This goes all the way back to when the NFL wasn’t even in tact yet. In the two clubs’ very first meeting, the New York Titans hosted the Boston Patriots at New York’s Polo Grounds. The Titans looked as if they were about to win the game until there punter fumbled a snap and Boston brought it back for a touchdown to seal the first win in the New York and Boston football rivalry. The Jets argued that the ball was kicked by a Boston player which is illegal, however the call stood to lead the Boston Patriots to a twenty-four to twenty-one win over the New York Titans. Six years later, the then-Boston Patriots tied the Jets twenty-four to twenty-four at Fenway Park for the only dead-heat in the rivalry’s history. The Patriots led twenty-four to four-teen after three quarters but two Joe Namath touchdowns and a field goal tied the game. It would also be the last time the Patriots did not lose to the Jets until October 1971. On December 8th 1985 was the first time these two teams faced off in a play-off game. The Patriots traveled to Giants Stadium where the Jets shared a stadium with the New York Giants. The Patriots offense erupted and won the game twenty-six to four-teen. This was their first play-off win since beating the Buffalo Bills in 1963 to be named the AFL divisional champions. This was a very exciting win for the Patriots. You know it’s a great rivalry when the fans can’t be in the same stadium without causing complete chaos. Patriots and Jets fans hate each other and do not get along. This was definitely the case in October of 1976. The Patriots hosted the Jets on Monday night football, which was unofficially renamed â€Å"Monday Night Madness† when the rowdiness of drunken fans at the Patriots home field led to mass arrests by local police and the cuffing of fans to a chain-link fence when other space became unavailable. On this Monday night game the patriots ran over New York with 330 yards rushing and five rushing touchdowns. They also tossed a late game touchdown to beat the Jets forty-one to seven. Perhaps one of the largest player swaps in the history of these two teams was hall of fame running back Curtis Martin. After playing three seasons in New England, the 2005 NFL rookie of the year became a free agent. The Patriots fought hard to keep Martin in New England but it just couldn’t work out for them as they were out bided. The Jets offered Martin a 6-year, $36 million contract, and the Patriots, low on salary cap space, opted to not match the offer. The Jets sent a first round draft pick to New England and took Curtis Martin for the remainder of his career. Martin became the heart and soul of the team, and remained on the team until 2007 when he blew out his knee and ended his career. In 2008 star Patriots quarterback, Tom Brady was facing the Kansas City Chiefs in the first game of the regular season. He dropped back for a pass early in the first quarter when a freak accident happened that put the future hall of fame quarterbacks career in jeopardy. Chief’s lineman was looking to sack Tom Brady when he fell on Brady’s leg causing him to tear his ACL and MCL. This put Brady out for the season and forced the Patriots to start young quarter-back Matt Castle. This was the first year the Patriots didn’t win the American Football Conference, in almost a decade. During this season the Jets and Patriots split the regular season wins one to one. The following season which was 2009, Tom Brady was back, and so were the Patriots. The first match between these two teams in 2009 was a highly anticipated game. It was the first time fresh Jets quarterback Mark Sanchez, and brand new head coach Rex Ryan would face off against Tom Brady and the Patriots. In the week prior to the game, Ryan placed a phone message to all Jets season ticket holders asking them to â€Å"make it miserable for (Tom) Brady and company,† following up on his comments during the offseason that he would not â€Å"kiss Bill Belichick’s Super Bowl rings. † He told the Jets fans that â€Å"the Patriots had a better head coach and a better quarterback,† but that the game would decide â€Å"who has a better team. The Nose Tackle for the Jets Kris Jenkins, called this New York’s version of the Super Bowl. The Jets had not beat New England since half way hrough the 2000-2001 season, but they knew with a new coach who could spark the team, anything was possible. In the end, the Jets defeated the Patriots 16-9 in the 100th overall meeting of the rivalry series. The Jets and Patriots have both exposed passion for every single game played against each other. They play their hearts out and it’s always an exciting game to watch. Th e rivalry goes so much deeper than just the stats and the games. The fans and communities are passionate believers. As you can see throughout the history of the New England and New York football rivalry there have been some memorable moments, players, and games. Both teams have been exposed to key components to have a great rivalry. These components are family, history, loyalty, and passion. The Patriots have had more success in the long run, even though the series record proves the two teams to be about equal. The patriots have made it to more Super Bowls, and Play-off games. The Patriots have quickly learned if they take the Jets lightly it will not end up in their favor. These two teams have defiantly proved they are worthy of playing great games, and this rivalry will likely never go away! How to cite History of Jets vs. Patriots, Essay examples

Tha Screets 4Life Essay Research Paper Tha free essay sample

Tha Screets 4-Life Essay, Research Paper Tha twenty-four hours before today I was gang slaming around tha goon in tha Screet. Chillin at tha cot doing catchs wit them old caputs. Unless you where affiliated with a pack in some manner you would non hold a hint of what that meant. Gangs have been around for 100s of old ages. The plagiarists in the early ages where some of the first existent packs. There are many types of packs. A pack can besides be a squad, group, crew or a posse. They re merely societal groups of people in a local country, which are largely the same, age and are in Acts of the Apostless of force. At rental, that s what everybody in our society seams to believe. Thought the old ages at that place has become a difference between the original packs and the packs of the younger coevals, that changed society s perceptual experience of packs, which resulted in many stereotypes. The early packs helped each other, while the packs today are looking to be loved or notice by others, and so everybody in society have options about every thing that they do. Back in the twenty-four hours, before all the guns and drugs, packs where simple. All their was, were knifes, leather, and your goon and cheeps. Back so, packs were self-generated and unplanned ( Roth 698 ) . There was no set leader, no set ways about making things. If there was a battle traveling on and one of their members was in it the others would leap in excessively. Most original mobsters ( OG ) had an fond regard to their goon or district ( Roth 698 ) . They stood up for their set. If other people that they don Ts know come about started something. The pack would most likely get involved. In the 70 s is when the existent packs started, like the Bloods and the Crips ( Sounder 33 ) . The Bloods where a pack that started in LA and all they wore was red to stand for the pack. Of class the Crips wore the colour blue to stand for that pack. This was the first mark to 5-0 that something was traveling on in the different vicinities. The usage of graffito was used to pass on with other s, that show warnings, workss, challenges and compunction of dead 1s ( Nawojczyk 3 ) . With the deficiency of communicating between all the packs and the misinterpretation of society, they showed what they where droping with a can of spray pigment. Respect is needed in the act of the members of a pack and the pack itself ( 1 ) . If you don Ts have regard from you members so the whole pack falls apart. Because there is no power or upper manus that you hold in the group. Many of the older packs needed these things to protect their vicinity and come together as friends and assist one another. Most of the OG s that did hold to function clip, they learned the difficult manner of making things in the universe ( sounder 33 ) . After the bad yearss of there live they learned that are more things out at that place than packs. You see many OG s that have settled down with a girlfriend of some sort and have childs and a occupation. It shows that there is a manner out of bad things, which start off simple. Gangs today have many immature mobsters that look for engagement. Young childs articulation packs in order to hold a household ( Roth 699 ) . Childs today don T all have a female parent and a male parent, house, auto, and siblings. And even if they do, they lack the clip and energy that is needed in a existent household. So they look else where to happen the attending of a household like environment. A 14-year-old gets a tattoo with the symbol of the pack that he was traveling to fall in, and his female parent or male parent did non state anything ( Atkin VI ) . All that immature adult male wanted was to be notice. Possibly acquire a whipping or acquire in some type of problem but he didn t. Them the low-income, Inner City, poorness afflicted childs with non that many occupations, or non thing to make the childs go to packs for action ( Clark 757 ) . Much of the young person with no money expression at packs as a manner to hold a manner to acquire easy money. Which they are usually f ound in the metropolis where there is non a batch of money in the community. The young person packs today are looking to accomplish credence by their cheeps ( Roth 698 ) . Most childs in the metropolis had friends that were in a pack and pressured them into fall ining. The pack members besides have monikers for one another and an entire-language of slang where they are the lone 1s that understand ( 699 ) . The existent difference from the society is to demo how different and alone they are. Their female parents gave them all common names that person in the universe might hold. But with a pack moniker, you are certain that it is a alone in different ways. Either how it is spelled or pronounces. The linguistic communication of a pack differs , from pack to gang. Some have a whole linguistic communication of slang, or merely gang marks that merely the members of the pack can understand. Which gives them a portion of being set aside from society. Most packs besides have a leader and/or second-in-command ( 699 ) . These leaders and semi-leaders are like the male parent or keeper of the group. The male monarchs or presidents, are what they are called. They plan out the activities of the group while the frailty president or the prince follows though with the program. So with the fact of a leader that acts like a male parent it more like a household and that is the basic thing that childs today are looking for. Stereotypes are every where, and everyone has their ain sentiment about packs. The media signifiers society and they manner that we thing about packs. The first films of packs, like The Godfather, New Jack City, Rebel without a Cause, West Side Story, or Boyz n the Hood ( Clark 765 ) . Even if you don t expression at films so you read a narrative about one of these narratives. All of them films are about packs the thing that truly goes on in them. The ground manner packs are spread outing is because of the spread of different sorts of drugs ( 755 ) . There are many grounds manner the packs have been spread outing but it is non because of the drugs. Yes there are drugs that do run throughout a pack. But today with all the 5-0 and engineering that they can t make every bit much and they use to. Gangs are merely immature black males that sell drugs in their vicinity and commit violent Acts of the Apostless ( Roth 698 ) . False there are so many different types of packs. The Vietnamese, Chinese, Asiatic, Laotian, Kampuchean, and yes the Whites all have packs that are related to one another. Not all do violent things like hiting and killing. There are female packs that do harlotry and others that gamble all the clip. Minority of the young person that commit a offense will in up in a pack or in gaol ( Clark 756 ) . Yeah many immature childs that rob a bank or bargain from a corner shop usually don T led a simple life. But you don t state a child that it would damage the head of don t things good. The media and the households of pack members all have a negative attitude about the things that they do. There are many persecutions of packs, and how they form and act, but unless you are non in them or involved in them so you don t know the first manus cognition of packs. Older packs were different that the pack of today and that did led to the many stereotypes. OG s was the existent way shapers of the packs. Their basic program was to assist out their household. That meant to protect the goon and the homeboys. If it took all the blood in their organic structure, all the rep that they had they would take the scrupless. The younger coevals takes things for granted. But they don Ts have that that much the deficiency the household and the action of others, so the expression to the packs for them to for full that hungriness for love. While all that was traveling on the authorities and the society itself made all stereotypes. They cam to all those decision because they don t understand the existent ground of a pack. And how if you live around it, it possibly all that you know. You may non cognize the right between right and incorrect, but all they know is tha Screets are 4-life. Work Cited Atkin, S. Beth. Voices from the Streets: Young Former Gang Members Tell their Stories. New York: Small Brown and Company, 1996. Clark, Charles. CQ Researcher. Youth Gangs 11 Oct. 1991 755-765. Nawojczyk, Steve. Street Gang Dynamics. ( 1997 ) : 11 Feb. 2000. Roth, John K. Social Issues: Gangs. New York: volume 3, 1997. Sounder, Jon. Gang Warfare: Dadz in the Hood. The Economist 4 Nov 1995: 33. Gang Slang Terminology To dis person: to demo disrepect toward person To be down: to make right for you turf Gangbanging: contending different pack members Gon na -be: immature pack member Hood: vicinity, sod Homeboies: fellow friends Kickin it: relaxing Old caput: experienened older individual Original mobster ( OG ) : founding member of a pack Rep: repute Set: the pack Saging: erosion bloomerss really low on hips Changeable companies: pack leaders Catchs: money Wanna-be: child who hopes to fall in a pack someday Ballin: holding a batch of money Cheeps: friends, homeboys

Bailey Surname Meaning and Origin

Bailey Surname Meaning and Origin Bailey is derived crown official or officer of the king in county or town. Keeper of a royal building or house. A person of high rank. From the Old French for bailiff and/or the Scottish term bailie, a municipal officer corresponding to an English alderman. Bailey is the 66th most popular surname in the United States and the 56th most common surname in England. Surname Origin Scottish, French Alternate Surname Spellings BAILIE, BAILLIE Genealogy Resources for the Surname Bailey 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Bailey Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Bailey surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Bailey query. FamilySearch - Bailey GenealogyFind records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Bailey surname and its variations. Bailey Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Bailey surname. Cousin Connect - Bailey Genealogy QueriesRead or post genealogy queries for the surname Bailey, and sign up for free notification when new Bailey queries are added. DistantCousin.com - Bailey Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Bailey. References: Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Chronic inflammatory disease Essays

Chronic inflammatory disease Essays Chronic inflammatory disease Essay Chronic inflammatory disease Essay Ulcerative Colitis Fatma Otman ( 09003295 ) cellular pathology Ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease is an idiopathic chronic inflammatory disease of the rectum and the colon that follows a class of backsliding and remittal. It is an inflammatory intestine disease, which is characterized by mucosal redness with crypt abscesses, ulcers and pseudopolyp formation. The chronic redness is limited to mucosa, sometime that is extended to submucosa. Ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease is a status that starts at the rectum and ends at some point in the colon. The affected country is uninterrupted ; there is no country of normal tissues between the affected countries. It is erstwhile definite diagnosing of ulcerative or Crohn s can be established in which instance the term an indeterminate inflammatory bowel disease is used. Epidemiology Ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease affects about 1 in 1000 people in the Western universe. First battalion incidence between the age of 10-40 twelvemonth s, but may impact people of any age and 2nd extremum incidence at norm of 60 twelvemonth s ( Bimodal distribution ) . The disease affects females and males. The geographic distribution of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease is the highest incidence in The United Status, Canada, The United Kingdom. Higher incidence is seen in northern locations compared to southern locations in Europe and the United Status. The prevalence of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease is greater among Ashkenazi Jews and decreases increasingly in other individual of Judaic descent, non-Jewish Caucasians, Africans, Hispanics and Asians, because familial susceptibleness is a factor associated with ulcerative colitis.. Mortality The consequence of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease on mortality is ill-defined. Some surveies confirm that, mortality of patient with ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease is merely 12 % ( Viscido et al, 2001 ) . Although, mortality from ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease is decreased during the past 50 twelvemonth s ( Sonnenbery,2007 ) . Therefore, it is thought that the disease chiefly affects quality of life non life span. Causes and hazard factors Causes of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease is still unknown. There are many factors including: Familial factors proposing that the disease arise from combination of multiple cistrons abnormalcies, for illustration p35 cistron mutation,15 % increased hazard in 1st degree relation ( Medicine, 2010 ) . Environmental factors include the undermentioned: First, diet has been hypothesized to play function in pathogenesis of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease, for illustration a diet with low in dietetic fiber may impact ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease incidence. Second, chest eating has been reported of protection in development of inflammatory intestine disease ( Klement et al. , 2004 ) . Auto immune disease, some beginnings list ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease as an autoimmune disease couple to malfunction of the immune system ( Odze, 2003 ) . However, surgical remotion of the big bowel frequently cures the disease, including the manifestation outside the digested system. This suggest that the cause of the disease is in colon itself and non in the immune system or some other portion of organic structure ( e Medicine, 2009 ) . Alternate theories proposing that the symptoms of the disease may be caused by toxic consequence of H sulfide in the bowel in patient with ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease. It may be caused by occlusion of in the capillaries of sub epithelial liner, and infiltration of the lamina propria with plasma cells. Appendectomy prior to age 20 for appendicitis and baccy usage both are protective against development of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease. Psychological factors and socioeconomic factors, clinical aggravation has been found to be facilitated by life emphasis in ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease ( Novack et al. , 2006 ) Types of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease The different types of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease are classified harmonizing to the location and extent of redness. Ulcerative proctitis refers to inflammation that is limited to the rectum ( Rectal hemorrhage ) . Procoto-sigmoiditis involves redness of the rectum and sigmoid colon ( Rectal hemorrhage ) . Left side inflammatory bowel disease involves redness that starts at rectum and extends up the left colon ( Bloody diarrhea, venters cramp, weight loss ) . Pancolitis refers to inflammation impacting the full colon ( Bloody diarrhea, abdominal hurting, weight loss, febrility and dark perspiration ) . Fulminated inflammatory bowel disease is rare, nevertheless it is terrible signifier of pancolitis ( Dehydration, terrible abdominal hurting, bloody diarrhoea and daze. They are at hazard of developing toxic megacolon ( Marked dilation of colon couple to severe redness ) , ensuing in colon rupture ( Perforation, peritoneal inflammation, abscesses and monolithic bleeding ) . Ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease is divided into four phases harmonizing to gross pathology Acute phase is involved mucosal surface, which is wet and glowering from blood and mucous secretion, frequently is associated with petechial bleeding. Chronic phase shows assorted sized of irregular ulcers and elevated sessile ruddy nodules ( pseudopolyps ) .In this phase raise intuition of carcinoma ( 1 % of all colorectal carcinoma ) . More advanced phase is involved full intestine, shows fibrotic, narrowed and shortened. Quiescent phase shows no ulceration, but the mucous membrane shows wasting or sometimes appears grossly normal. It may be extended submucosal fat deposition. Intestinal symptoms The most common symptoms of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease are bloody diarrhoeal and abdominal hurting. Patient besides may see anemia, weariness, weight loss, loss of appetency, rectal hemorrhage, loss of organic structure fluid and nutrition. Extra-intestinal symptoms These include the undermentioned: aphtous ulcer of oral cavity, oculus disease ( Iritis or uveitis ) , arthritis ( ancylosing spondylitis ) , erythema nodosum, deep venous thrombosis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, clubbing and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Differentiation diagnosing Crohn s disease, morbific inflammatory bowel disease, *pseudomembranuos inflammatory bowel disease, ischaemic inflammatory bowel disease ( aged people ) , TB, colorectal glandular cancer. Everyday probe The initial diagnostic workup for ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease includes the followers. A complete blood count is done to look into anemia ( iron lack anemia ) , which is hypochromic microcytic anemia ( low MCH, low MCV, low hemoglobin ) . Elevated of white blood cells, it is more than normal scope ( 4.300-10.800 cells/cmm ) . Thrombocytosis is high thrombocytes count, it is more than normal scope ( 150-400x 10/ L ) . Erythrocyte deposit rate is elevated = ( = 18 mm/ hour ) . C-reactive protein is acute stage protein that is produced by liver during redness. It is elevated= ( = 10mg/l ) . Electrolytes analysis and nephritic map trial are done, because chronic diarrhoea may be associated with hypokalemia, hypomagnesaemia and pre nephritic failure. Liver map trials are performed to test for bile canal engagement. Stool civilization to except parasites and morbific causes. Diagnostic processs for ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease There are include the undermentioned. Endoscopy and biopsies The best trial for diagnosing of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease remains endoscopy. Full colonoscopy is extended from anus to the cecum, besides entry into terminal ileum is attempted merely if diagnosing of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease is ill-defined and to distinguish between ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease and Crohn s disease, because in some instances of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease may be involve terminal ileum. Endoscopic happening in ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease include the undermentioned: loss of vascular visual aspect of the colon, erythematic or inflammation of the mucous membrane and crumbliness of the mucous membrane, superficial ulceration and pesudopolyps. Biopsies of mucous membrane are taken from different parts of colon to definitively diagnosing of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease and differentiated from Crohn s disease. The histology happening in ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease typically involves deformation of crypt architecture, redness of crypts ( cryptitis ) , blunt crypt abscesses, bleeding and infl ammatory cells in lamina propria ( lymph cells, plasma cells ) . Acute phase shows accretion of neutrophil at base of crypts ( crypt abscesses ) . No granuloma is of import standard in differential diagnosing with Crohn s disease. Mucosal capillary are dilated. Inflammation may stay above muscularis mucous membrane or widen to submucosa. Glands are progressive destroyed, marked lessening in cytol, mucous secretion, atrophic alterations and regenerative alterations, besides manifested by atomic expansion and increased mitotic activity. Other characteristic shows, ulcer is covered by non specific granulation tissue, pseudopolyps ( mostly granulation tissues assorted with inflamed and hyperaemic mucous membrane. Flexible sigmoidoscopy is extended from anus to sigmoid colon. Abdomens X beams are speedy, inexpensive, non invasive and an ten beam of venters that is indicated in acute venters conditions such as enteric obstructor, perforation, dilation ( Toxic megacolonic ) . Trans-abdominal ultrasound is a non-invasive mode that may be helpful in the diagnosing of inflammatory intestine disease, but it can non be used to separate between ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease and Crohn s disease. It is used for naming bilious complication. CT has limited function in the diagnosing of unsophisticated ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease, nevertheless CT plays an first-class mode in the diagnosing of complication associated with disease. Barium clyster is particular type of x beam that uses Ba sulfate and air to sketch the liner of rectum and colon. The consequence can demo polyp, tumour, diverticulitis. Today, the utilizations of Ba clyster are rare due to the utilizations of endoscopy for naming. There is contraindication of utilizing Ba clyster in acute venters as complication of UC. Radio-nuclide surveies are utile in picturing disease activity and the extent of disease and in supervising the response to therapy. It is utile in instance of fulminant inflammatory bowel disease Serology trial is performed in about 20 % of instances of UC, overlapping symptoms, radiographic and histological characteristics make the differential diagnosing hard. It is of import to accurately distinguish between two diseases ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease and Crohn s disease, because the direction of patient are different and ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease is more hazard for malignance. The usage of an inflammatory intestine disease serology panel that should be included the followers, Perinuclear anticytoplasmic antibodies ( PANCA ) and Saccharyomyces cerevisiac IgA nd IgG antibodies ( ASCA ) . Because, PANCA is prevailing in ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease and ASCA is more prevailing in Crohn s disease. ASCA represent the immunologic marker corrected with Crohn s disease, because their high specificity ( 80-95 % ) . Immunohistochemistry appraisal of ki67 and p53 look assists the diagnosing and scaling of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease related dysplasia. Strong immunoreactivity for p53 that suggested diagnosing of dysplasia, besides suggested Ki67 staining above basal two tierce of the crypt in high class dysplasia ( HGD ) . Complication There is significantly increased hazard of colorectal malignant neoplastic disease in patient with ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease after 10 twelvemonth s if engagement in the splenetic flection, nevertheless those with lone procotitis or rectosigmoid it is normally have no increased hazard. It is recommended that patient have screening by colonoscopies with random biopsies to look for dysplasia after eight twelvemonth s of disease activity. Treatment The standard intervention for ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease is depended on the extent of engagement and disease badness. The end is to bring on remittal ab initio with medicine, followed by the disposal of care medicine to forestall a backsliding of the disease. Dietary alteration: Diet rich of fibers, avoiding dairy merchandises, avoiding natural vegetates and fruit, because they cause hurt to inflamed mucous membrane of colon. Supplement intervention: Iron tabular arraies for intervention of anemia, multivitamin. Anti diarrheal drugs: Such as Immodium, a physician must closely supervise the individual taking these anti-diarrheal drugs to avoid precipitating toxic megacolon. Anti-inflammatory drugs: Such as aminosalicytates, corticoids and immunosuppressive drugs. Besides anti tumour mortification factor ( Infliximabe ) . Surgical intervention: Surgical intervention can be exigency operation and elected operation. Emergency operation is performed in instances of bleeding, blunt perforation, break up inflammatory bowel disease or toxic megacolon and elected operation is performed in instances of patient is non response to intervention and documented or strongly suspected carcinoma. There are different types of surgical attacks such as proctocolectomy with ileostomy, Ileoanal anatomises and continent ileostomy. Some probes are used for proctor of inflammatory intestine disease Concentration of tumour mortification factor alpha in stool is used as a marker of intestine redness in both ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease and Crohn s disease. Measurement degree of neutrophli binding by Ig and titers of antineutrophli Ig in serum from patient with ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease and patient with ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease station colectomy by utilizing a fixed neutrophil enzyme linked immunosorbent check. Measurement of azotic oxide in ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease patient during colonoscopy, gas was aspirated from different parts of the colon and instantly analyzed by a chemiluminescence technique.

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